生物科技各类重要排行榜集锦

生物科技各类重要排行榜集锦
全球十大基因工程药物
十大生物技术上市公司
生物技术业内巨子
生物技术股富翁TOP 100排行榜（2000年度）
生物技术的十大资本运作案
100个常用生物技术术语解释（Glossary）
本世纪生物技术重大进展
生物技术上下五千年
新世纪的好消息坏消息

全球十大基因工程药物
没有知识产权，没有比竞争对手在具体技术领域长期的工作积累，要开发出年销售额10亿美元的新药是很难想象的。机会面前人人平等，如果能积极利用人类基因组的成果并结合我国遗传病的特点，再有10多亿人口的潜在用药市场，我们总有一天能入全球排行榜前列。

10大生物技术药品 (依1998年全球销量,单位百万美元.) Product Indicated Use 1998Sales 1997-98/% CHG Developer Marketer 1. Epogen Red blood cell enhancement 1,380.0 19.0 Amgen Amgen 2. Procrit Red blood cell enhancement 1,363.0 16.6 Amgen Johnson & Johnson 3. Neupogen Restoration of white blood cells 1,120.0 5.7 Amgen Amgen 4. Humulin Diabetes mellitus 959.2 2.6 Genentech Eli Lilly 5. Engerix-B Prevention of hepatitis B 886.7 50.3 Genentech SmithKline Beecham 6. Intron A Bone marrow tranplantation 719.0 20.2 Biogen Schering-Plough 7. Betaseron Multiple sclerosis 409.2 7.3 Chiron Berlex Laboratories 8. Genotropin Growth failure in children 395.1 13.1 Genentech Pharmacia & Upjohn 9. Avonex Relapsing multiple sclerosis 394.9 64.5 Biogen Biogen 10. Recombivax HB Prevention of hepatitis B 290.0 5.5 Biogen Biogen

十大生物技术上市公司
依照不同的比较体系,十大生物 技术上市企业的排名是不同的.本文的比较标准是企业1999年的收入.若依照公司市值排名,一些基因组公司的名次会上升,这和投资者的吹捧炒作关系密切。

公司名称	1998	收入1999	%HG	?净收入1998	1999	每股收入($) 1998	1999
1. Amgen Inc.	2,624.3	3,340.1	27.3	863.2	1,096.4	0.82	1.02
2. Genentech Inc.	1,150.9	1,421.4	23.5	181.9	(1,144.5)	0.70	-4.46
3. Biogen Inc.	557.6	794.4	42.5	138.7	220.5	0.90	1.4
4. Chiron Corp.	736.7	762.6	3.5	524.1	160.6	2.91	0.86
5. Genzyme General Corp.	688.5	688.3	(0.0)	62.6	76.4	1.48	1.66
6. Immunex Corp.	243.5	541.7	122.5	1.0	44.3	0.01	0.25
7. Medimmune	200.7	383.4	91.0	56.2	93.4	0.91	1.33
8. IDEXX Laboratories	319.9	356.2	11.3	(15.2)	32.6	(0.40)	0.82
9. NABI	243.1	239.0	(1.7)	(21.8)	(13.5)	(0.62)	-0.38
10. Incyte Genomics	134.8	157.0	16.5	3.5	(26.8)	0.12	-1.3
Source: Company Reports

生物技术业内巨子
生物技术产业之父-Robert Swanson
生物技术界的比尔.盖茨- Rathmann
善于制造资本神话的金融奇才-Mark Levin
最大的生物技术公司
Genentech公司发展简史

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生物技术产业之父-Robert Swanson
Robert Swanson是生物技术走出实验室和跨入商界的见证人。流传下来的故事是这样的：1976年，谋职于Kleiner Perkins 公司的时年29岁的风险投资家Swanson耳闻革命性的发现---重组DNA技术，他敏锐地捕捉到了这项基因工程关键技术的商业机会。年轻人拜访了技术发明人之一Boyer，一番热情鼓动，无疑使科学家更明确了基因剪接技术的商业价值；于是就有了后来的Genentech的诞生，Swanson出任公司CEO，两年后（1978年），人类历史上第一个采用重组DNA技术的基因工程产品胰岛素得以成功生产。
生物技术界的比尔.盖茨- Rathmann
Rathmann作为Amgen的第一任首席执行官直至1990年退休,十年风雨为世界贡献了两个年销售十亿美元的基因工程药物,诞生了世界上最大的生物技术企业.回眸生物技术和信息技术近二十年的发展历程,会发现许多惊人的相似点,两个行业的领路人都是集群众智慧之大成者,善于团结高智商的技术人员为团队开发目标而奋斗,都有老道的营销经验,把对技术的洞察力转化为转化为商业运作的核心竞争力.最重要的是他们都成功了,乃至Microsoft和Amgen同时列入Nasdaq在香港的五种交易股票。相比软件产业,基因工程产业把产品推向市场的周期更长,资金投入强度更大,这种挑战对应了Rathmann的融资能力,生物技术的烧钱能力使其现金流量难以熬过六个月,而Rathmann在保持融资的同时,从未采取上当铺的手法,让Amgen度过了漫长的创业期.如今,Rathmann又到Icos公司二次创业,大概是英雄相惜,Gates也在其中投入了数千万美元.
善于制造资本神话的金融奇才-Mark Levin
Millennium Pharmaceuticals公司1996年公开上市，在Nasdaq市场一直火爆。上市时交易价为12美元，而今已跃至150多美元（2000-9-02），发行量300多万股，市值近5亿美元。该公司的业绩因其从事基因组方面工作而拥有大量的功能基因专利，备受生物技术投资者追捧。更离不开Levin与大制药公司的结盟。目前估计给大公司结盟迎来20亿美元的进帐，令同行更为嫉妒的是这种签字活动同时维护了企业的权益。

最大的生物技术公司
安进(Amgen)公司是全球最大的独立生物技术公司,诚如其英文名取意应用分子生物学,该公司一直致力于蛋白类基因工程药物的生产. Amgen公司的发展是及其迅捷的, 其市值目前约700亿美元,排名世界500强之200多位,1992首次排入财富500强.Amgen目前上市的三个药物为EPOGEN (Epoetin alfa), NEUPOGEN (Filgrastim) 和INFERGEN (Interferon alfacon-1). Epogen是Amgen公司的第一个产品,1999年的销售额约18亿美元(Neupogen约12亿美元),该药的利润原动力是1987年10月批准的基于DNA序列的专利权(),对知识产权的保护其实是目前资源配置的最佳方式,是赢得国家竞争力的根本保证。类似的例子还有微软,在此不做赘述.1999年Amgen的研发费用为823百万美元. 公司1980年由几个科学家和风险投资家创立,1981年运作后得到了1900万美元风险资金的支持,CEO为Rathmann. 1983,1986,1987年先后在NASDQ发行股票.

生物技术股富翁TOP 100排行榜（2000年度）

据<<基因工程新闻>>报道,截止2000年3月1日,排名前100名的持生物技术股的富翁股票面值72.3亿美元,1999年的该统计为14.1亿美元,1998年为17.6亿美元,1997年为19.6亿美元,1996年为20.5亿美元.
首富仍为 William K. Bowes,其持有股票组合为 Amgen, XOMA和 Lynx,面值约68.6亿美元. 有意思的是,这100名持股人也存在高学历逐年上升的趋势.拥有博士学位的富翁从95年到2000年依次为64,63,72,69,89,96。这种文凭现象可引发对股市多层面的思索。
本年度持生物技术股富翁排行帮如下表所示：

生物技术的十大资本运作案
任何产业的发展都离不开资本、技术、人才和环境四大因素的协调和发展，生物技术的发展也不例外。本处列出了生物技术的十大资本运作案。

100个常用生物技术术语解释（Glossary）

This glossary contains about 100 commonly used biotechnology terms.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
A common soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease by transferring some of its DNA to the plant host. Scientists alter Agrobacterium so that it no longer causes the disease but is still able to transfer DNA. They then use this altered Agrobacterium to ferry desirable genes into plants.
Amino acid
The fundamental building blocks of a protein molecule. A protein is composed of a chain of hundreds or thousands of amino acids. Our bodies can synthesize most of the amino acids. However, eight amino acids (called essential amino acids) must be obtained from food.
Antibody
A protein produced in response to the presence of a specific antigen.
Antigen
A foreign substance that elicits the production of antibodies.
Anti-sense technology
The use of an RNA molecule to block gene expression by interfering with protein production. This technique is used commercially in tomatoes to slow ripening for better shipping and longer shelf life
Assay
A method for determining the presence or quantity of a component
B lymphocytes (B cells) .
A type of cell that produces antibodies.
Bacillus thuringiensis
a naturally occurring bacterium with pesticidal properties. Bacillus thuringiensis produces a protein (Bt toxin) that is toxic only to certain insect larvae that consume it.
Bacteriophage
A virus that infects bacteria. Also called a phage.
Bioassay
A method of determining the effect of a compound by quantifying its effect on living organisms or their component parts.
Biocatalyst
An enzyme that activates or speeds up a chemical reaction.
Biological control
The use of one organism to control the population size of another organism.
Biological molecules
Large, complex molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates, that are produced only by living organisms. Biological molecules are often referred to as macromolecules or biopolymers.
Bioprocessing
A technique in which microorganisms, living cells, or their components are used to produce a desired end product.
Bioreactor
A container used for bioprocessing.
Bioremediation
The use of organisms, usually microorganisms, to break down pollutants in soil, air or groundwater.
Biosensor technology
The use of cells or biological molecules in an electronic system to detect specific substances. Consists of a biological sensing agent coupled with a microelectronic circuit.
Biosynthesis
Production of a chemical by a living organism.
Biotechnology
(Ancient definition:) The use of living organisms to solve problems and make useful products. (Modern definition:) A collection of technologies that use living cells and/or biological molecules to solve problems and make useful products.
Callus
A cluster of undifferentiated plant cells that have the capacity to regenerate a whole plant in some species.
Catalyst
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but is not itself changed during the reaction.
Cell
The smallest structural unit of living organisms that is able to grow and reproduce independently.
Cell culture
A technique for growing cells under laboratory conditions.
Cell fusion
The formation of a hybrid cell produced by fusing two different cells.
Chromosome
Components in a cell that contain genetic information. Each chromosome contains numerous genes. Chromosomes occur in pairs: one obtained from the mother; the other from the father. Chromosomes of different pairs are often visibly different from each other (see also DNA).
Clone
A cell or collection of cells containing identical genetic material. Clones are produced from a single parent cell.
Culture
To grow living organisms in a prepared medium or media.
Culture medium
A nutrient system for artificially growing bacteria or other cells.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
The chemical molecule that is the basic genetic material found in all cells. DNA is inherited. Because DNA is a very long, thin molecule, it is packaged into units called chromosomes. DNA belongs to a class of biological molecules called nucleic acids.
DNA fingerprinting (or DNA typing)
A technique for identifying individual organisms based upon the uniqueness of their DNA pattern. The technique has applications in forensics, paternity testing, anthropology, conservation biology and ecological research.
DNA ligase
An enzyme that rejoins cut pieces of DNA.
DNA probe
A molecule that has been labeled with a radioactive isotope, dye or enzyme and is used to locate a particular portion of a DNA molecule.
DNA sequence
The order of nucleotide bases in the DNA molecule.
Double helix
A term used to describe the configuration of a DNA molecule. The helix consists of two spiraling strands of nucleotides held together with chemical bonds.
E. coli (Escherichia coli)
A bacterium commonly found in the intestinal tracts of most vertebrates. It is used extensively in recombinant DNA research because it has been genetically well characterized.
Enzyme
A protein that accelerates the rate of chemical reactions. Enzymes are catalysts that promote reactions repeatedly, without being damaged by the reactions.
Eukaryote
An organism whose genetic material is located within a nucleus. Yeast, fungi, protozoans, plants and animals are eukaryotes.
Expression
The physical manifestation of the information contained in a gene.
Fermentation
A process of growing microorganisms to produce various chemical or pharmaceutical compounds. Microbes are usually incubated under specific conditions in large tanks called fermenters. Fermentation is a specific type of bioprocessing.
Gene
A unit of hereditary information. A gene is a section of a DNA molecule that specifies the production of a particular protein. More on genes.
Gene amplification
The increase, within a cell, of the number of copies of a given gene.
Gene mapping
Determining the relative locations of genes on a chromosome.
Genetic code
the way genetic information is stored in living organisms.
Genetic engineering
The technique of removing, modifying or adding genes to a DNA molecule in order to change the information it contains. By changing this information, genetic engineering changes the type or amount of proteins an organism is capable of producing.
Genome
The total hereditary material of a cell.
Genotype
The specific genetic makeup of an organism, as contrasted with the actual characteristics of an organism (see phenotype).
Hybridization
Production of offspring, or hybrids, from genetically dissimilar parents. In selective breeding, it usually refers to the offspring of two different species.
Hybridoma
A type of hybrid cell produced by fusing a normal cell with a tumor cell. When lymphocytes (antibody-producing cells) are fused to the tumor cells, the resulting hybridomas produce antibodies and maintain rapid, sustained growth, producing large amounts of an antibody. Hybridomas are the source of monoclonal antibodies.
Immunoassay
A technique for identifying substances, based on the use of antibodies.
Immunotoxin
The coupling of an antibody and a molecule that is toxic to the cell.
In vitro
Performed in a test tube or other laboratory apparatus.
In vitro selection
Selection at the cellular or callus stage of individuals possessing certain traits, such as herbicide resistance.
In vivo
In the living organism.
Interferon
A protein produced naturally by the cells of our bodies. It increases the resistance of surrounding cells to attacks by viruses. One type of interferon, alpha interferon, is effective against certain types of cancer. Others may prove effective in treating autoimmune diseases.
Interleukin
A protein produced naturally by our bodies to stimulate our immune systems. There are at least 18 known kinds of interleukins.
Leukocyte
A white blood cell, an important component of the body’s immune system.
Lymphocyte
A type of leukocyte found in the blood, lymph nodes and certain organs. Lymphocytes are continuously made in the bone marrow (see also B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes).
Macrophage
A type of white blood cell that ingests dead tissue and cells and is involved in producing Interleukin 1.
Marker gene
Genes that identify which plants have been successfully transformed.
Molecular genetics
The study of the molecular structure and function of genes.
Monoclonal antibody
Highly specific, purified antibody that is derived from only one clone of cells and recognizes only one antigen.
Multigenic
Many genes are involved in the expression of a trait.
Mutagen
A substance that induces mutations.
Mutant
A cell microorganism that manifests new characteristics due to a change in its genetic material.
Mutation
A change in the genetic information.
Nucleic acid
A biological molecule composed of a long chain of nucleotides. DNA is made of thousands of four different nucleotides repeated randomly.
Nucleotide
A compound made up of these three components: a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen-containing base. Found as individual molecules (e.g., ATP, the energy molecule), or as many nucleotides linked together in a chain (nucleic acid such as DNA).
Oncogene
A gene thought to be capable of producing cancer.
Oncology
Study of tumors.
Phenotype
The observable characteristics of an organism as opposed to the set of genes it possesses (its genotype).The phenotype that an organism manifests is a result of both genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, organisms with the same genotype may display different phenotypes due to environmental factors. Conversely, organisms with the same phenotypes may have different genotypes.
Plasmid
A small, circular piece of DNA found outside the chromosome in bacteria. Plasmids are the principal tools for inserting new genetic information into microorganisms or plants.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A technique for quickly making many copies of a specific segment of DNA.
Prokaryotes
Organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed by a nucleus. The most common examples are bacteria.
Protein
A complex biological molecule composed of a chain of units called amino acids. Proteins have many different functions: structure(collagen); movement (actin and myosin); catalysis (enzymes); transport (hemoglobin); regulation of cellular processes (insulin); and response to the stimuli (receptor proteins on surface of all cells).The information for making proteins is stored in the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA molecule.
Protein engineering
A technique used in the production of proteins with new or artificial amino acid sequences.
Protoplast
A plant or bacterial cell that has had its cell wall removed.
Recombinant DNA
DNA that is formed through combining DNA from two different sources. Humans direct the formation of recombinant DNA through selective breeding and genetic engineering.
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology
The laboratory manipulation of DNA in which DNA, or fragments of DNA from different sources, are cut and recombined using enzymes. This recombinant DNA is then inserted into a living organism. rDNA technology is usually used synonymously with genetic engineering.
Recombination
The formation of new combinations of genes. Recombination occurs naturally in plants and animals during the production of sex cells (sperm, eggs, pollen) and their subsequent joining in fertilization. In microbes, genetic material is recombined naturally during conjugation.
Regeneration
The process of growing an entire plant from a single cell or group of cells.
Restriction enzymes
Bacterial enzymes that cleave DNA at very specific locations.
Restriction map
A diagram that shows restriction sites (i.e., where a restriction enzyme cleaves DNA) in relation to one another.
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Like DNA, a type of nucleic acid. There are three major types: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA. All are involved in the synthesis of proteins from the information contained in the DNA molecule.
Tissue culture
A procedure for growing or cloning enough cells through in vitro techniques to make a tissue.
T lymphocytes (T cells)
White blood cells, produced in the bone marrow, that aid B cells in making antibodies to fight bacterial infections. They also are instrumental in rejection of foreign tissue, and may be important in the body’s defense against cancer.
Transformation
A change in the genetic structure of an organism as a result of the uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA.
Transposon
A mobile genetic element that can move from one location in the gene and reinsert at another site.
Vector
The agent used to carry new DNA into a cell. Viruses or plasmids are often used as vectors.
Virus
An infectious agent composed of a single type of nucleic acid, DNA or RNA, enclosed in a coat of protein. Viruses can multiply only within living cells.

20世纪生物技术重大进展

1866	Austrian botanist and monk Gregor Mendel proposes basic laws of heredity based on cross-breeding experiments with pea plants,His findings,published in a local natural -history journal,are largely ignored for more than 30 years.
1882	While examining salamander larvae under a microscope,German embryologist Walther Fleming spots tiny threads within the cells’nuclei that appear to be dividing.The threads will later turn out to be chromosomes.
1883	Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin’s and an advocate of improving the human race by means of selective breeding, coins the word eugenics.
1910	U.S. biologist Thomas Hunt Morgan’s experiments with fruit flies reveal that some genetically determined traits are sex linked. His work also confirms that the genes determing these traits reside on chromosomes.
1926	U.S. biologist Hermann Muller discovers that X rays can cause genetic mutations in fruit flies.
1932	Publication of Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World,which presents a dysttopian view of genetic engineering
1944	Working with pneumococcus bacteria,Oswald Avery,Colin Macleod and Maclyn Mccarty prove that DNA,not protein ,is the hereditary material in most living organisms.
1950	British physician Douglas Bevis describes how amniocentesis can be used to test fetuses for Rh-factor incompatibility.The prenatal test will later be used to screen for a battery of genetic disorders.
1953	American biochemist James Watson and British biophysicist Francis Crick announce their discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA,the molecule that carries the genetic code.
1964	Stanford geneticist Charles Yanofsky and colleagues prove that the sequence of nucleotides in DNA corresponds exactly to the sequence of amino acids in proteins
1969	A Harvard Medical School team isolates the first gene: a snippet of bacterial DNA that plays a role in the metabolism of sugar.
1970	University of Wisconcin researchers synthesize a gene from scratch.
1973	American biochemists Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer insert a gene from an african clawed toad into bacterial DNA,where it begins to work.Their experiment marks the beginning of genetic engineering.
1975	Scientists at an international meeting in Asilomar,California,calls for guidelines for recombinant-DNA research.
1976	The first genetic engineering company,Genentech,is founded in South San Francisco.
1978	Scientists from Genentech and a Duarte,California,medical center clone the gene for human insulin.
1980	Reseachers successfully introduce a human gene - one that codes for the protein interferon - into a bacerium.
1980	Martin Cline and co-workers creat a transgenic mouse,transferring functional genes from one animal into another.
1982	The U.S. FDA approves the first genetically engineered drugs, a form of human insulin produced by bacteria.
1983	While driving along a California highway,Kary Mullis,a biochemist at Cetus Corp.,conceives of the so-called polymerase chain reaction, or PCR,technique that will enable scientists to rapidly reproduce tiny snippets of DNA.
1984	Alec Jeffreys,of Britain’s University of Leicester,develops genetic fingerprinting which uses unique sequences of DNA to identify individuals.
1985	First use of genetic fingerprinting in a criminal investigation.
1986	The FDA approves the first genetically engineered vaccine for humans,for hepatitis B.
1988	Harvard University is awarded the first patent for a genetically altered animal,a mouse that is highly susceptible to breast cancer.
1989	Creation of the National Center for Human Genome Research,headed by James Watson,which will oversee the $3billion U.S. effort to map and sequence all human DNA by 2005
1990	Formal Launch of the international Human Genome Project.
1990	American geneticist W.French Anderson performs the first gene therapy on a four-year-old girl with an immune system disorder called ADA deficiency.
1991	Analyzing chromosomes from women in cancer-prone families, Mary-Claire King,of the University of California,Berkeley,finds evidence that a gene on chromosome 17 causes the inherited form of breast cancer and also increases the risk of ovarian cancer.
1992	The U.S. Army begins collecting blood and tissue samples from all new recruits as part of genetic dog tagprogram aimed at better identification of soldiers killed in combat.
1993	After analyzing the family trees of gay men and the DNA of pairs of homosexual brothers,biochemists at the U.S. National Cancer Institute report that at least one gene related to homosexuality resides on the X chromosome,which is inherited from the mother.
1995	Researchers at Duke University Medical Center in Durham,North Carolina report that they have transplanted hearts from genetically altered pigs into baboons.All three transgenic hearts survived at least a few hours, proving that cross-species operations are possible.
1997	Researchers at Scotland’s Roslin Institute,led by embryologist Lan Wilmut,report that they have cloned a sheep - named Dolly- from the cell of an adult ewe.
1998	DNA analyses of semen stains on a dress worn by Monica Lewinsky match DNA from a blood sample taken from U.S. president Bill Clinton
1998	Scientists at Japan’s Kinki University clone eight identical calves using cells taken from a single adult cow.
2003	The Human Genome Project’s current target date for sequencing all human DNA.

生物技术上下五千年

本文以编年体的方式罗列了生物技术上下五千年的发展简史,由于发展历史和发展逻辑的内在统一性,我们似乎又把握住了人类先知者对生物技术探索的有浅及深的思想历程。公元100年前的三大贡献中华民族占据了两项，这使我们感到欣慰的同时也感受到了再不能睡大觉的使命感。